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CAWP Research Translation of: Eady, Gregory, and Anne Rasmussen. 2025. “Gendered Perceptions and the Costs of Political Toxicity: Experimental Evidence from Politicians and Citizens in Four Democracies.” American Political Science Review 119(3): 1446-1462.
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Additional Resources:
Herrick, Rebekah, Sue Thomas, Lori Franklin, Marcia L. Godwin, Eveline Gnabasik, and Jean Reith Schroedel. 2021. “Physical Violence and Psychological Abuse Against Female and Male Mayors in the United States.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 9 (4): 681–98.
Herrick, Rebekah, and Sue Thomas. 2023. “An Intersectional Exploration of Psychological Violence, Threats, and Physical Violence of Mayors in 2021.” American Politics Research 52 (3): 264–78.
Ramachandran, Gowri, Chisun Lee, Maya Kornberg, Kimberly Peeler-Allen, Ruby Edlin, Julia Fishman, Jiyoon Park, and Grady Yuthok Short. 2024. Intimidation of State and Local Officeholders: The Threat to Democracy. Brennan Center for Justice, New York University School of Law, New York, NY.
For overviews of research on women in U.S. politics, see CAWP’s Research Inventory on Gender & Politics.
Reproduction of information on the CAWP website for non-commercial purposes is encouraged, provided that clear and visible credit is given to Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University. Any information reproduced must include footnotes/endnotes that apply to that information. Commercial reproduction requires prior permission in writing from the Center for American Women and Politics. All CAWP fact sheets are available on this web site and may be downloaded and copied as needed.
Center for American Women and Politics (CAWP). 2026. “What are the costs of political toxicity for women politicians? And how do they differ from the effects of toxicity on men?.” New Brunswick, NJ: Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University-New Brunswick. https://cawp.rutgers.edu/blog/what-are-costs-political-toxicity-women-politicians (Accessed August 28, 2026)
